Qalam \u2014 1) xat yozish, rasm solish, chizma chizish uchun ishlatiladigan chizmachilik quroli; yog’och yoki metall qobiq ichiga olingan mo’rt (sinuvchan) material (ko’mir, qo’rg’oshin, grafit, quruq bo’yoqdan qilingan o’zak). Qadimda xalqlar, shu jumladan, Sharq xalqlarida xattotlar siyoh bilan yoziladigan qamish q.lardan foydalanishgan. Dastlabki Qalam Italiyada qora slanes loyidan 14-asrda qilingan, grafit Qalam 16-asrdan rasm bo’lgan. Fransuz olimi N.Kante 1790 yilda grafit sterjenli yog’och Qalamni ixtiro qilgan. 19-asrning 2-yarmida mexanik (sterjeni qisib qo’yiladigan) yoki avtomatik (sterjeni burab chiqariladigan) Qalam paydo bo’ldi va 20-asrda keng tarqaldi. Qalam o’zagining qattiqlik darajasi bo’yicha yumshoq (ruscha belgilanishi M), qattiq (T) va o’rtacha qattiq (MT) turlarga bo’linadi. Qalam qora va boshqalar turli ranglarda sanoat korxonalarida ishlab chiqariladi. Qalam chizmachilik, rassomlik, loyihachilik, grimchilik, pardozandoz, duradgorlik va boshqalar sohalarda ishlatiladi; 2) sirtlarga o’yib gul (naqsh) solishda va haykaltaroshlikda qo’llanadigan metall asbob.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Qalam \u2014 1) xat yozish, rasm solish, chizma chizish uchun ishlatiladigan chizmachilik quroli; yog’och yoki metall qobiq ichiga olingan mo’rt (sinuvchan) material (ko’mir, qo’rg’oshin, grafit, quruq bo’yoqdan qilingan o’zak). Qadimda … Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":99837,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[191],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-101440","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-q-harfi","entry"],"translation":{"provider":"WPGlobus","version":"3.0.2","language":"kr","enabled_languages":["uz","kr","ru"],"languages":{"uz":{"title":true,"content":true,"excerpt":false},"kr":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false},"ru":{"title":false,"content":false,"excerpt":false}}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101440","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101440"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101440\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":101441,"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101440\/revisions\/101441"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/99837"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101440"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101440"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/milliycha.uz\/kr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101440"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}