CHAD TILLARI \u2014 som-hom (afroosiyo) tillari makrooilasining bir tarmog’i; Markaziy va G’arbiy Sudanda, Chad ko’li atrofidagi mintaqa \u2014 shimoliy Nigeriya, Shimoliy Kamerun hamda Chad Respublikasi hududlarida tarqalgan. 150 dan ortiq tillarni, lahja guruhlarini qamrab oladi. Tarmoqdagi eng yirik hisoblangan xausa (tili)ning azaliy qo’llanish hududi Nigerning Janubiy Sharqiy qismlarini ham o’z ichiga oladi. Xausa xalqining ko’chib yurishi va savdosotiqning tobora kengayishi natijasida xausa tili Gana, Togo, Benin respublikalarining shimoliy qismlari va Afrikaning boshqa ko’plab mamlakatlarida ham tarqalgan. O’tgan asrning 90-yillari o’rtalaridagi ma’lumotlarga ko’ra, Chad tillarida 35-40 milliondan (xausa tilida 31 milliondan) ortiqroq kishi so’zlashadi. Chad tillari 3 ta asosiy guruhga bo’linadi: g’arbiy Chad tillari, o’z navbatida, xausa, angas, Ron, boletangle, shim. Bauchi, Janubiy Bauchi, bade guruhchalari (7 ta) ga ajraladi; Markaziy Chad tillari, o’z navbatida, tera, buramargi, xigi, bata, xidkala, Mandara, sutur, makakam, daba, Giler, Kotoko, muzgu, masa guruhlari (13 ta) ga ajraladi; Sharqiy Chad tillari, o’z navbatida, kera, nanchere, samray, sokoro, dangra, mokulu, mubu guruhchalari (7 ta) ga ajraladi. Chad tillarining fonologik tizimida undoshlarning 3 turi \u2014 jarangli, jarangeiz va emfatik turlari farqlanadi. Unlilarning cho’ziqlik\u2014qisqalik bo’yicha qaramaqarshiligi keng tarqalgan. Barcha Chad tillari ham leksik, ham grammatik ma’noli fonologik ton (ohang)larga ega. Morfologiyasida fe’l tizimi boshqa somhom tillariga nisbatan bir qancha o’ziga xosliklarga ega, olmoshlarning alohida so\u2019z va qo’shimcha ko\u2019rinishidagi turlari mavjud. Chad tillari orasida xausa tiligina rivojlangan yozuv an’analariga ega; boshqa tillar uz yozuviga ega emas. Eng ko’p o’rganilgani ham xausa tilidir (19-asr o’rtalaridan). O’tgan asrning 70-yillaridan boshlab barcha Chad tillari tavsifiy va qiyosiy-tarixiy tadqiqotlar ob’yektiga aylandi. Ad: Dkonov N.M., Semitoxamitskie yaziki, M., 1965; Porxomovskiy V.Ya., Chadskie yaziki, v kn.: Sravnitelnoistoricheskoe Izuchenie Yazikov raznix Semey. Zadachi i perspektivi, M., 1982.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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